A Comparative Analysis of Potential Toxic and Essential Elements in in-situ Derived and Commercial Fish Feeds Applied in Cage Aquaculture Fish, Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2200/aerj.v5i1.41Keywords:
Fish, Eutrophication, PTEs, MalnutritionAbstract
The uses of feeds are critical to success of aquaculture farming on Lake Victoria Basin. The composition of the feeds can either be derived from in situ plants or animals e.g. the Caridina niloticus or Rastrineobola argentea within the basin or externally sourced from outside the catchment. The net effect from the input of those feeds from outside could increase eutrophication in the lake while feeds derived from fauna and flora from the lake may not. A potential to exploit the in-situ products compromising C. niloticus and R. argentea is immense and this may offer an environmentally sustainable feeds sources for aquaculture. The nutritional values of the in-situ based feeds and the formulated feeds from local flora and fauna within the ecosystem of the lake are compared. Samples from both the formulated and in-situ based fish feeds were collected from aquaculture farms or from local sources within the basin. The samples were then freeze-dried and ground to fine local powder and dissolved using acid digest process. The resulting sample-acid solution was then analyzed using an Agilent 7500cx inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS). In essential element, the C.niloticus samples had higher values of 6.87 ± 1.49, 32.97 ± 6.62, Fe 942.70 ± 246.01, 137.30 ± 34.13, 0.68 ± 0.13 and 105.48 ± 16.04 mg/kg for Boron (B),Copper (Cu), Iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), Molybdenum (Mo) and Silicon (Si) respectively compared to R.argentea. While in lower values of 1.03 ± 0.10 and Zn 181.16 ± 18.76 mg/kg were observed in the Selenium (Se) and Zinc (Zn) respectively in C. niloticus compared to R. argentea samples. In Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs), in-situ based feeds specifically C. niloticus had significantly high PTEs of 680.76 ± 203.34, 0.99 ± 0.17, 98.56 ± 23.69 and 9.69 ± 3.21 mg/kg in Aluminium (Al), Arsenic (As), Barium (Ba) and Chromium (Cr) respectively compared to formulated feed pellets. Our study therefore; indicates that, the in-situ based feeds are potential competitors with the formulated fish feeds as they are the most promising source of animal based protein and also contain essential micronutrients and macronutrients that add nutritive value to the fish. The local cage farmers are therefore encouraged to use more often the insitu-based feeds together with the formulated feeds to add nutrients to the caged fish for human consumption.
References
Abarshi, M. M., Dantala, E. O., & Mada, S. B. (2017). Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in some tissues of croaker fish from oil spilled rivers of Niger Delta region, Nigeria. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 7(6), 563-568.
Alissa, E. M., Bahijri, S. M., & Ferns, G. A. (2003). The controversy surrounding selenium and cardiovascular disease: a review of the evidence. Medical Science Monitor, 9(1), RA9-RA18.
Beveridge M. C. M., Thilsted S. H., Phillips M. J., Metian M., Troell M., & Hall S. J. (2013). Meeting the food and nutrition needs of the poor: the role of fish and the opportunities and challenges emerging from the rise of aquaculture. J Fish Biol, 83, 1067–1084. pmid:24090563
Bhosale, S. V., Bhilave, M. P., & Nadaf, S. B. (2010). Formulation of fish feed using ingredients from plant sources. Research Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 1(3), 284-287.
Bokea, C., Ikiara, M. (2000). The Macroeconomy of the export fishing industry in Lake Victoria (Kenya).
Craig, S., Helfrich, L. A., Kuhn, D., & Schwarz, M. H. (2017). Understanding fish nutrition, feeds, and feeding.
El-Sayad, H. S., El Molla, M. M., & El-Halwagy, A. A. (2006). Factors affecting disperse dye release in sublimation transfer printing. Colourage, 53(8), 62-68.
FAO, W. (2009). Principles and methods for the risk assessment of chemicals in food. Environmental Health Criteria, 240.
FAO (2017). Fishery and Aquaculture Country Profiles The Republic of Kenya.
Farzad R, Kuhn, D. D., Smith, S. A., O’Keefe, S. F., Ralston, N. V. C., & Neilson, A. P. (2019) Trace minerals in tilapia fillets: Status in the United States marketplace and selenium supplementation strategy for improving consumer’s health. PLoS ONE 14(6): e0217043. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0217043
Forsberg, B. R., Devol, A. H., Richey, J. E., Martinelli, L. A., & Dos Santos, H. (1988). Factors controlling nutrient concentrations in Amazon floodplain lakes 1. Limnology and Oceanography, 33(1), 41-56.
Golden, C. D., Allison, E. H., Cheung, W. W., Dey, M. M., Halpern, B. S., McCauley, D. J., ... & Myers, S. S. (2016). Nutrition: Fall in fish catch threatens human health. Nature News, 534(7607), 317.
Hasan, M. R. (2001). February). Nutrition and feeding for sustainable aquaculture development in the third millennium. In Aquaculture in the third millennium. Technical proceedings of the conference on aquaculture in the third millennium (pp. 193-219). Bangkok.
Hightower, J. M., & Moore, D. (2003). Mercury levels in high-end consumers of fish. Environmental health perspectives, 111(4), 604-608.
Huntington, T. C., & Hasan, M. R. (2009). Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture – practices, sustainability and implications: a global synthesis. In M.R. Hasan and M. Halwart (eds). Fish as feed inputs for aquaculture: practices, sustainability and implications. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Technical Paper. No. 518. Rome, FAO. pp. 1–61.
Immenhauser, A., Schoene, B. R., Hoffmann, R., & Niedermayr, A. (2016). Mollusc and brachiopod skeletal hard parts: Intricate archives of their marine environment. Sedimentology, 63(1), 1-59.
Janz, D. M., DeForest, D. K., Brooks, M. L., Chapman, P. M., Gilron, G., Hoff, D., ... & Wayland, M. (2010). Selenium toxicity to aquatic organisms. Ecological assessment of selenium in the aquatic environment, 141-231.
Joy, E. J. M., Kumssa, D. B., Broadley, M. R., Watts, M. J., Young, S. D., & Chilimba, A. D. C. (2015). Dietarymineral supplies in Malawi: Spatial and socioeconomic assessment. BioMed Central, 1, 1–25.
Kirimi, J. G. (2019). Performance of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis Niloticus) Fed on Oilseed meals with Crude Papain Enzyme (Doctoral dissertation, Chuka University).
Kubiriza, G. K., Akol, A. M., Arnason, J., Sigurgeirsson, Ó., Snorrason, S., Tómasson, T., & Thorarensen, H. (2018). Practical feeds for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) prepared by replacing Rastrineobola argentea fishmeal with freshwater shrimp (Caridina nilotica) and mung bean (Vigna radiata) meals. Aquaculture Nutrition, 24(1), 94-101.
Kundu, R., Aura, C. M., Nyamweya, C., Agembe, S., Sitoki, L., Lung'ayia, H. B., ... & Werimo, K. (2017). Changes in pollution indicators in Lake Victoria, Kenya and their implications for lake and catchment management. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management, 22(3), 199-214.
Liti, D., Cherop, L., Munguti, J., & Chhorn, L. (2005). Growth and economic performance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) fed on two formulated diets and two locally available feeds in fertilized ponds. Aquaculture Research, 36(8), 746-752.
Liti, D. M., Fulanda, B., Munguti, J. M., Straif, M., Waidbacher, H., & Winkler, G. (2005). Effects of open‐pond density and caged biomass of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) on growth, feed utilization, economic returns and water quality in fertilized ponds. Aquaculture research, 36(15), 1535-1543.
Marriott, A. L., Kelly, T. J., Sarkar, S. K., Chenery, S. R. N., Rakshit, D., Bhattacharya, B. D., & Watts, M. J. (2020). Elemental composition of aquaculture fish from West Bengal, India: nutrition versus food safety. Environmental geochemistry and health, 42(4), 1211-1228.
Mehaffey, W. H., Fernandez, F. R., Rashid, A. J., Dunn, R. J., & Turner, R. W. (2006). Distribution and function of potassium channels in the electrosensory lateral line lobe of weakly electric apteronotid fish. Journal of Comparative Physiology A, 192(6), 637.
Mousavi, S. (2021). Proper management of fish farms for the most appropriate productivity. Survey in Fisheries Sciences, 8(1), 127-152.
Mugo‐Bundi, J., Oyoo‐Okoth, E., Ngugi, C. C., Manguya‐Lusega, D., Rasowo, J., Chepkirui‐Boit, V., ... & Njiru, J. (2015). Utilization of Caridina nilotica (Roux) meal as a protein ingredient in feeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Aquaculture Research, 46(2), 346-357.
Munguti, J. M., Waidbacher, H., Liti, D. M., Straif, M., & Zollitsch, W. (2009). Effects of substitution of freshwater shrimp meal (Caridina nilotica Roux) with hydrolyzed feather meal on growth performance and apparent digestibility in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) under different culture conditions. Livestock Research for Rural Development, 21(8), 1-13.
Nieder, R., Benbi, D. K., & Reichl, F. X. (2018). Microelements and their role in human health. In Soil Components and Human Health (pp. 317-374). Springer, Dordrecht.
Njiru, M., Waithaka, E., Muchiri, M., Van Knaap, M., & Cowx, I. (2005). Exotic introductions to the fishery of Lake Victoria: What are the management options? Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 10, 147-155.
Njiru, M., Nzungi, P., Getabu, A., Wakwabi, E., Othina, A., Jembe, T., & Wekesa, S. (2007). Are fisheries management, measures in Lake Victoria successful? The case of Nile perch and Nile tilapia fishery. African Journal of ecology 45, 315.
Ombwa, V. O. (2019). Effect of Glycine Max, Rastrineobola Argentea and Caridina Nilotica Meals on Water Quality, Growth Performance and Survival of Oreochromis Niloticus fry (Doctoral dissertation, Maseno University).
Oyoo-Okoth, E., Wim, A., Osano, O., Kraak, M.H.S., Ngure, V., Makwali, J., & Orina, P. S. (2010). Use of the fish endoparasite Ligula intestinalis (L., 1758) in an intermediate cyprinid host (Rastreneobola argentea) for biomonitoring heavy metal contamination in Lake Victoria, Kenya. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 15, 63-73.
Simonit, S., & Perrings, C. (2005). Indirect economic indicators in bio-economic fishery models: agricultural price indicators and fish stocks in Lake Victoria. ICES Journal of Marine Science 62, 483-492
Van der Velden, J. A., Flik, G., Spanings, F. A. T., Verburg, T. G., Kolar, Z. I., & Wendelaar Bonga, S. E. (1992). Physiological effects of low-magnesium feeding in the common carp,Cyprinus carpio. J. Exp. Zool. 264: 237–244.
Wang, W. N., Wang, A. L., & Zhang, Y. J. (2006). Effect of dietary higher level of selenium and nitrite concentration on the cellular defense response of Penaeus vannamei. Aquaculture, 256(1-4), 558-563.
Wanink, J. H. (1999). Prospects for the fishery on the small pelagic Rastrineobola argentea in Lake Victoria, From limnology to fisheries: Lake Tanganyika and other large lakes. Springer, pp. 183-189.
Watts, M. J., Joy, E. J. M., Young, S. D., Broadley, M. R., Chilimba, A. D. C., & Gibson, R. S., (2015). Iodine source apportionment in the Malawian diet. Scientific reports, 5, 1–12.
Yongo, E., Keizire, B., & Mbilinyi, H. (2005). Socio-economic impacts of fish trade, The State of the Fisheries Resources of Lake Victoria and their Management. Proceedings of the Regional Stakeholder’s Conference, pp. 24-25.
Yongo, E., Outa, N., Kito, K., & Matsushita, Y. (2018). Studies on the biology of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in Lake Victoria, Kenya: in light of intense fishing pressure. African Journal of Aquatic Science, 43(2), 195-198.
