Reversal of Fluoride Induced Teratogenicity in Xenopus laevis using Iodine and Thyroxine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.2200/aerj.v5i1.39Keywords:
Fluoride, Thyroxine, Iodine, Teratogenic Index, Development, ReversalAbstract
Fluoride is present naturally in the environment. However, human activities in the environment have increased the levels significantly. The effect of Fluoride exposure to Xenopus laevis embryo development was determined under Frog Embryo Teratogenesis Assay- Xenopus (FETAX). The endpoint of the study was mortality, whole body length and malformations which were recorded before and at 96 h. LC50 of Fluoride as per the FETAX test was 420.46 ppm and the EC50 was 452.802 ppm which indicated the TI of 0.93 therefore making Fluoride embryolethal. The study aimed to check on the ability of Thyroxine and Iodine to reverse the effects of F on the development of the tadpoles. There was a decrease in mortality but an increase in teratogenic impacts after treatment with Iodine and Thyroxine. The study found that the reversal of the Fluoride induced impacts on the tadpoles’ treatments by Iodine and Thyroxine treatments did not show a significant difference (p value .079) in response of the tadpoles for each of the treatment.
References
Alhaj, M. M., & Elhassan, B. M. (2020). Fluoride Removal from Drinking Water Using Aluminium Oxide Coated Charcoal–effectiveness of repetitive regenerations. University Of Khartoum Engineering Journal, 10(1).
Bayse, C. A., Marsan, E. S., Garcia, J. R., & Tran-Thompson, A. T. (2020). Thyroxine binding to type III iodothyronine deiodinase. Scientific Reports, 10 (1), 15401. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-72243-9
Beck, C. W., & Slack, J. M. (2001). An amphibian with ambition: a new role for Xenopus in the 21st century. Genome
biology, 2(10), reviews1029. 1021.
Bhattacharya, P., Adhikari, S., Samal, A. C., Das, R., Dey, D., Deb, A., . . . Santra, S. C. (2020). Health risk assessment of co-occurrence of toxic fluoride and arsenic in groundwater of Dharmanagar region, North Tripura (India). Elsevier, 11.
Blanchard, B., Busby, A., Elwell, C., Greathouse, K., Hibbard, L., Kapral, C., . . . Turner, K. (2020). Fluoride Removal from Calcium-Rich Mine Water by Steel Slag Adsorption. Paper presented at the 2020 Waste-management Education Research (WERC).
Camargo, J. A. (2003). Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms: a review. Chemosphere, 50(3), 251-264. doi: 10.1016/s0045-6535(02)00498-8
Choi, A. L., Sun, G., Zhang, Y., & Grandjean, P. (2012). Developmental fluoride neurotoxicity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Environmental health perspectives, 120(10), 1362-1368.
Coady, K., Marino, T., Thomas, J., Currie, R., Hancock, G., Crofoot, J., . . . Klecka, G. (2010). Evaluation of the amphibian metamorphosis assay: Exposure to the goitrogen methimazole and the endogenous thyroid hormone L-thyroxine. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 29(4), 869-880. doi: 10.1002/etc.74
Degitz, S. J., Holcombe, G. W., Flynn, K. M., Kosian, P. A., Korte, J. J., & Tietge, J. E. (2005). Progress towards development of an amphibian-based thyroid screening assay using Xenopus laevis. Organismal and thyroidal responses to the model compounds 6-propylthiouracil, methimazole, and thyroxine. Toxicological Sciences, 87(2),
-364.
Dratman, M. B., & Martin, J. V. (2020). The many faces of thyroxine. AIMS neuroscience, 7(1), 17-29. doi: 10.3934/Neuroscience.2020002
Fini, J. B., Mével, S. L., Palmier, K., Darras, V. M., Punzon, I., Richardson, S. J., . . . Demeneix, B. A. (2012). Thyroid Hormone Signaling in the Xenopus laevis Embryo Is Functional and Susceptible to Endocrine Disruption. Endocrinology, 153(10), 5068-5081. doi: 10.1210/en.2012-1463
Foda, D., & Shams, S. (2020). A trial for improving thyroid gland dysfunction in rats by using a marine organism extract. Brazilian Journal of Biology(AHEAD).
Goh, E. H., & Neff, A. W. (2003). Effects of fluoride on Xenopus embryo development. Food and chemical toxicology, 41(11), 1501-1508. doi: 10.1016/s0278-6915(03)00166-2
Guideline, O. (2008). for the testing of chemicals, Guidance document on acute oral toxicity. Environmental health and safety monograph series on testing and assessment, 1-27.
JA Bantle, R. F., DT Burton, G. Linder. (1991). Atlas of abnormalities: a guide for the performance of FETAX.
Jenny Abanto Alvarez, Karla Mayra P. C. Rezende, Susana María Salazar Marocho, Fabiana B. T. Alve, Paula Celiberti, &
Ana Lidia Ciamponi. (2009). Dental fluorosis: Exposure, prevention and management
J. Clinical exp.dent., 1(1), 14-18.
Jianjie, C., Wenjuan, X., Jinling, C., Jie, S., Ruhui, J., & Meiyan, L. (2016). Fluoride caused thyroid endocrine disruption in male zebrafish (Danio rerio). Aquatic Toxicology, 171, 48-58. doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.12.010
Malin, A. J., Riddell, J., McCague, H., & Till, C. (2018). Fluoride exposure and thyroid function among adults living in Canada: Effect modification by iodine status. Environ Int, 121(Pt 1), 667-674. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.026
Mishra, R., Jain, S., Bhatnagar, M., & Shukla, S. (2020). Fluoride toxicity myth or fact?: a review. Journal of Cell and Tissue Research, 20(1), 6869-6882.
Mosonik, C. B. (2015). Assessment of Fluoride Levels in Different Water Sources in Lower Region of Bomet County, Kenya and Remediation Using Moringa oleifera Seed Cake. JKUAT.
Moturi, W. K., Tole, M. P., & Davies, T. C. (2002). The contribution of drinking water towards dental fluorosis: a case study of Njoro Division, Nakuru District, Kenya. Environmental Geochemistry and Health, 24(2), 123-130.
OECD. (2009). OECD guideline for the testing of chemicals 231.
Onipe, T., Edokpayi, J. N., & Odiyo, J. O. (2020). A review on the potential sources and health implications of fluoride in groundwater of Sub-Saharan Africa. Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A, 1-16.
Osano, O., Oladimeji, A. A., & Admiraal, W. (2002). Teratogenic Effects of Amitraz, 2,4-Dimethylaniline, and Paraquat on Developing Frog (Xenopus) Embryos. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 43(1), 42–49.
Pearce, E. N. (2017). Iodine deficiency disorders and their elimination: Springer.
Pollo, F. E., Cibils-Martina, L., Otero, M. A., Baraquet, M., Grenat, P. R., Salas, N. E., & Martino, A. L. (2019). Anuran
tadpoles inhabiting a fluoride-rich stream: diets and morphological indicators. Heliyon, 5(6), e02003. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02003
Sanandra Dey, & Giri, B. (2016). fluoride fact on human health and health problems: a review. Medical and clinical reviews, 2(1). doi: 10.21767/2471-299X.1000011
Spittle, B. (2018). Fluoride-induced developmental disorders and iodine deficiency disorders as examples of developmental disorders due to disturbed thyroid hormone metabolism. Fluoride, 51(4).
Wambu, E., Agong, S., Anyango, B., Akuno, W., & Akenga, T. (2014). High fluoride water in Bondo-Rarieda area of Siaya County, Kenya: a hydro-geological implication on public health in the Lake Victoria Basin. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 462.
Waugh, D. T. (2019). Fluoride Exposure Induces Inhibition of Sodium/Iodide Symporter (NIS) Contributing to Impaired Iodine Absorption and Iodine Deficiency: Molecular Mechanisms of Inhibition and Implications for Public Health. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 16(6). doi: 10.3390/ijerph16061086
Waugh, D. T. (2019). Fluoride exposure induces inhibition of sodium/iodide symporter (NIS) contributing to impaired iodine absorption and iodine deficiency: molecular mechanisms of inhibition and implications for public health. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(6), 1086.
